GCGDAs Project Management

Introduction Project management plays a foreground role in the utilization of organizational resources and achievement of the organizational goals. Project management inculcates processes, activities, systems, structures and people in the organization.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on GCGDA’s Project Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It determines how the interplay between the mentioned factors contributes to the success of this organization (O’Connell 1994). This study highlights the various issues that are cardinal for effective and efficient project management within the context of GCGDA. Project management in GCGDA’s perspective can be defined as an organizational function that integrates basic management elements such as organizing, controlling, planning, and coordination with strategic management practices. As such, project management provides the opportunity to the organizatio n to expand, improve performance and ensure increased service delivery in games related issues (Project Management Institute 2000). The element of improvement, as touched in this case, implies that project management has inherent characteristic of change. Every aspect of project management must come with change which may influence the size, structures, systems, and activities within an organization. Project management has also been defined as the process which entails coordination of management, setting of organizational priorities, and support initiatives aimed at delivering benefits to a business entity. This definition incorporates the fact that projects may be range of single management activities or a portfolio of business activities aimed at improving the performance of the entity (Murray-Webster Thiry 2000). Project management involves different scenarios that depend on the nature of the organization. For instance, in a program based organization, projects are managed in orde r to achieve the strategic objectives of the business. Such organizations operate several projects at the same time where every department has its own separate responsibilities. The role of the project manager in this case is to ensure that all projects are aimed at achieving the overall strategic objective of the organization. The overall project manager delegates duties to the various heads of departments and coordinates their activities (O’Connell 1994).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The other scenario is a multi-project entity where programs are handled from a consolidated perspective. The projects in this case are also operated simultaneously. However, not all of them contribute to the objectives of the organization. The failure of one project does not affect the performance of other projects in the organization since they are not are not related, however, they share the same resources and may be managed by one project manager. This scenario can be applied to the GCGDA context where several project goals can be pursued. For example, currently the entity is working on a project to include wrest lining in 2014 Olympic Games, while at the same time organizing the venue for the games. The duty of the project manager in this context is to assess the performance of every project and determine the amount of resources that are required for each project (Project Management Institute 2000). Every project within the context of GCGDA is expected to enable the organization to achieve its objectives. The project should also enable the organization to utilize its resources effectively and improve its performance. On the other hand, the project manager is expected to be a good decision maker who has vast knowledge and experience in project management that are related to the issue of games. Moreover, the project manager is also expected to be a person who is responsive to change (Murray-Webster Thiry 2000). Response To ensure success in this context, emphasis should be laid on the project goals and objectives, the project resources, the sources of project funds, and the key issues that affect the performance of the project. Key Issues The major issues in the project include project scope, risk factors, and project cost. The project scope entails all activities and programs that fall within the goals and objectives of the project. Risk factors in this case include political interference, changes in the rules and regulations that may affect the performance of the project, and issues such as labor problems. With regards to cost, ineffective cost management may lead to project failure (Project Management Institute 2000). Roles and Power of the Project Manager The project manager has the responsibility of ensuring the success of the project. The manager plans, controls, and coordinates the activities of the project. The manager also det ermines how resources should be allocated in the project. In collaboration with the board, the manager also assesses the performance of the project. The project manager also reports project information to the stakeholders who include the following: The chairman of CWG Representatives from different countries The project evaluation committee Sport entities such FIFA. Skills and attributes of the project manager GCGDA will expect the project manager to posses the following skills:Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on GCGDA’s Project Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Good decision making skills Good communication skills Ability to integrate issues of games into project management Ability to embrace and implement change Competency in management of games related issues Summary Project management plays a cardinal role in the improvement of organizational performance. The most important in project manag ement is the project manager who should identify the type of scenario that is appropriate for the project and also identify the various key issues involved in the project. Project management requires proper coordination and communication between the manager and technical team that is charged with the duty of ensuring project success (Weber 1999). Project Control Project control can be defined as an action taken by the project management to correct deviations in the performance or a strategy that is needed to enable the project managers to overcome uncertainties. Project control compares the project activities and progress against the project metrics (Searne Thompson 2009). Project Management Control System At the initiation stage, GCGDA will be required to define the project scope, define the roles of the participants, provide information to the project participants, and initiate performance reviews for the project workers. With regards to design, the entity will need the following ; design specifications which may include the nature of games to be improved, design management software, and project time span. The construction requirements for control purposes will involve the following; size and location where games project will be pursued, project utility requirements, and project operational schedule (O’Connell 1994). Project Control Elements Controls elements in a project are the variables that directly affect the performance of the project. GCGDA must embrace elements which include cost, time, scope, and resources such as labor. With regards to cost, issues such as cost control, cost management, cost forecasting are the major factors that affect project performance. The other aspect that is related to cost management is proper budgeting to ensure that the available funds can meet all the project requirements without difficulties. Methods used The success of control initiatives in project management depends on the approaches that are used in handling control. The common methods include the following: cash flows, audits, inspections, EVA, and KPIs. Cash Flows Regulation of cash flows is another method of controlling project issues especially the expenditure of financial resources. A cash flow provides important information to the project manager by comparing the project’s income activities and expenditure. Cash flow control initiatives require from the project manager to determine the revenues of the project for every activity.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The manager should also refine the actual cash flow and compare the actual and expected expenditures. One of the challenges that managers face when regulating cash flows is the issue of uncertainties and change (Searne Thompson 2009). Audits Project audit is reviewing the project objectives and goals to identify whether the project is able to meet the needs of the clients. The project audit should be conducted on a regular basis to identity particular areas of improvement during the project lifecycle. The main aim of the project audit is to ensure that project activities are in tandem with the goals and objectives of the project. It is also aimed at identifying various errors or sources of mistakes that may interfere with the attainment of the project objectives (Project Management Institute 2000). Project Inspection Inspection is another control initiative that is used in project management. Inspection entails a proper review of all the elements that are involved in project contro l. Inspection can be done on the operations of the project to determine whether they are in tandem with the expected project schedules (Ferns 1991). Cost inspection is conducted to determine the cost behavior of various aspects that are used in the operations. For example, an inspection of the labor cost will enable the project manager to identify whether the cost of labor is constant or changes according to the level of productivity and time. Inspection can also be done on the whole project to identify if the available funds are able to meet the budget (Reiss 1996) EVAs EVA in project management ensures that there is a common approach to monitoring the verification and validation of the project deliverables. The process identifies a verification method for each deliverable in the project (O’Connell 1994). Reporting the Information Reporting the project information to the users must be done in a proper manner that enables the information users to get the right data concerning project development. Apart from the written information, the report will also contain the graphs, which will outline the expenditure, progress, risk factors, and cost patterns. The information will be targeting the project stakeholders such as sponsors of the project, committee, board of directors and the representatives of the participants that will use the project (Spencer Spencer 2008). How the Data Will Be Presented The project data will be presented in tables and graphs. For example, S curves will be useful in communicating the resources and the amount funds GCGDA has used in the project. The tools for reporting the information will include the following: Power point presentation Video conferencing Projectors Using the aforementioned tools will enable the project stakeholders to understand the project information. It will also enable GCGDA to conduct a proper audit of the project information. Some challenges may interfere with the reporting of the project such as unavailabi lity of appropriate reporting tools, selection of the part to be reported, and lack of adequate time to give a detailed report. The information will also have to be changed according to the level of management. For instance, general project information will be reported to all the stakeholders while particular issues such as cost patterns and budget will be reported to the top management in the organization (Searne Thompson 2009). Summary Project control is very cardinal in ensuring project success in this regard, GCGDA should therefore identify the various control elements and establish effective control methods such as cash flows, inspection, auditing, and inspection. Communicating project control information should also be done using the most appropriate tools. Project planning Project planning is another important element that is cardinal for the success of the project. Different planning approaches can be adopted in project management depending on the context and the management style. Lean Time Planning Lean time planning technique is used in project management to ensure continuous improvement of the project processes and activities. It enables an organization to improve the quality of products by identifying and eliminating errors in the production process (Ferns 1991). Lean time planning is applied in manufacturing organizations where it is used to plan production processes. The main disadvantage of this technique is that it may lead to production failures, especially where â€Å"Just in Time† method fails to deliver the required inventory. Lean time planning may also interfere with resource allocation strategies designed by an organization (Project Management Institute 2000). For instance, the company may be forced to produce goods according to the designed production schedules, which may interfere with the resource utilization (Searne Thompson 2009). Collaborative Planning Collaborative planning can be defined as a planning approach where proj ect managers design the project activities through close collaboration with the suppliers (Spencer Spencer 2008). The suppliers and the project team work together to determine the inventory utilization and delivery programs in order to avoid any form of delay that may interfere with the performance of the project (Weber 1999). The advantages of collaborative planning include the ability to create good forecasts since the supplier provides reliable information on delivery. The planning approach also enables the project management and the suppliers to create a joint plan for the project which is important in management of project resources, it also provides the project management with the possibility to monitor inventory. Collaborative planning allows the project manager to develop a framework for efficient flow of information from the supplier to the client (Weber 1999). However, collaborative planning may become hectic for the project managers, especially in circumstances where the project depends on many suppliers. It will be difficult to work with more than one supplier to ensure that the project activities are carried out collaboratively (Ferns 1991). Sometimes collaborative planning consumes a lot of time to get materials into organization and ensures effective utilization of it in case of the delays on the side of the supplier (Searne Thompson 2009). Collaborative planning also exposes the project to many risk factors which may lead to project failure (Project Management Institute 2000). Critical Chain Programming Critical programming involves a process where the activities of the project are planned for a long term orientation. This method of planning is useful where the project manager is interested in the long term objectives. Critical chain programming can be applied in situations where the project objectives should be achieved in stages (O’Connell 1994). The project manager divides the project into various sections each with different object ives and timelines. The resources of the organization also allocated to the projects depending on the time lime. Critical chain programming enables the organization to handle a complex project without lot difficulties (Spencer Spencer 2008). The other advantage is that critical chain programming ensures effective utilization of resources. The project also gives the suppliers the opportunity to deliver based on the buffer requirements for the project (Ferns 1991). However, critical chain programming has been criticized as one of the project planning approaches that could easily lead to project failure due to the fact that it takes a lot of time to plan for the resources and get the project aired in time. The approach may also waste a lot of resources due to regular changes in project scope and design and there is also close attention among the project participants to the project objectives and goals making it impossible to assess the project on a regular basis. Moreover, the critica l chain programming method is difficult to coordinate since the project is divided into different sections that have different timelines (Project Management Institute 2000). The Last Planner The last planner method is a technique that predicts the workflows in project management. This method is applied in the construction sector where it enables the constructors to identify conflicts in operation to achieve master scheduling and also help in the identification of long term lead objectives. Despite the mentioned advantages, last planner approach may interfere with the normal working schedule since it is conducted on a regular basis. The method also gives more authority to the project supervisor while ignoring other individuals that are involved in the project, like the technical team for example (Weber 1999). Critical Path Method The critical path method is one of the planning techniques that are used in project management. CPM as a project planning tool enables the project manager t o identify how technical activities and processes will be pursued. The planning approach is applicable in a scenario where there is a need to speed up the project due to limited time. In this approach, project activities are pursued in a given sequence where one activity leads to the next. This method is used in handling complex projects such as chemical processing. The main advantages of CPM include predicting the time needed for the project, providing a graphical view of the project and identifying activities that are critical (Searne Thompson 2009). However, critical path has some disadvantages which include overreliance on project software and the project cannot be pursued without software since it involves complex operations. The failure of one activity may lead to the failure of the whole project since the project activities take place in a definite sequence (Project Management Institute 2000). Summary Project planning is the key tool that in project management that enables e ffective utilization of resources. GCGDA should use the best planning approach that is relevant to the nature of the project. Collaborative planning is recommended in this case since the entity will need to work together with the project suppliers. Reference List Ferns, D 1991, Developments in Programme Management. International Journal of Project Management. Vol. 9, p. 148-156. Murray-Webster, R Thiry, M 2000, Managing Programmes of Projects: Gower Handbook of Project Management. Gower Publishing, New York. O’Connell, F 1994, How to Run Successful Projects, Prentice Hall, New Jersey. Project Management Institute, 2000, A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge, Newton Square, Pennsylvania USA. Reiss, G 1996, Programme Management Demystified; Managing Multiple Projects Successfully, E FN Spoon, London. Searne, S Thompson, 2009, Control of Engineering Projects. Thomas Telford, New York. Spencer, L Spencer, S 2008, Competence at work, John Wiley Sons, New York. W eber, M 1999, The Theory of Social and Economic Organization, Free Press, New York. This essay on GCGDA’s Project Management was written and submitted by user Giant Man to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

An evaluation of the impact of social policy in relation to childhood poverty since 1997 The WritePass Journal

An evaluation of the impact of social policy in relation to childhood poverty since 1997 Introduction An evaluation of the impact of social policy in relation to childhood poverty since 1997 that the (Social Mobility and) Child Poverty Commission was appointed. This meant that the body could not be consulted prior to the publication of the Child Poverty Strategy for 2011-14. This contravened the government’s statutory commitment and can be seen as evidence that policy has not necessarily been realised, to use Lupton et al.’s (2013) terminology. Importantly, this had concrete implications for the Child Poverty Strategy for 2011-14, which was widely criticised from not laying out in enough detail that actual means by which policy objectives would be achieved (Bradshaw and Bennett 2014). There are other reasons to believe that agenda setting so far has lacked specificity regarding how it will deal with child poverty. This conclusion emerges through a close examination of the policy statements of government publication and the results following from these policies. For example, the Department for Education posts a statement on its website reading: ‘Poverty, as measured by a household’s income relative to the national average, is often a symptom of deeper, more complex problems. Many of these problems are passed on from one generation to the next.’ As Bradshaw and Bennett (2014) note, the ‘background’ section state that one of its primary aims is ‘reducing poverty in all its forms’, and references social injustice, but does little to directly address the issue of child poverty. The website for the Department for work and Pensions does likewise, noting the existence of a child poverty strategy and the Positive for Youth Repo rt (2011) but failing to specify what this entails in terms of policy (Bradshaw and Bennett 2014; Forest and Parton 2009). This shows that to a certain extent there has been a disconnect between the early stages of the policy cycle (agenda and target setting) and the later one (policy formation). It can also be argued that the government’s approach to dealing with child poverty has been inadequate at the level of policy formation. There has tended to be a great deal of emphasis on the idea of encouraging unemployed parents to work in order that they may better support their children. While this is commendable in several obvious respects, it also has shortcomings. Bucci (cited in Forest and Parton 2009), for example, emphasises the importance of internal factors in children’s lives and downplays the external factors that are usually emphasised by officials and practitioners of policy. This suggests, therefore, the inclusion of many more people in the work force might actually worsen poverty of a social and emotional kind by depriving children of their parents for extended periods. Another strategy employed to end child poverty has come in the form of the Sure Start Centres, the stated aim of which is to ‘improve the outcomes for all children’ (Department of Education 2008). However, the attention paid to child poverty specifically was conspicuously lacking. For example, the first brief concentrated on the objective of ‘helping prevent family breakdown and promoting readiness for schools’, which only has an indirect relationship to child poverty and arguably should not have been prioritised over alternatives, such as the provision of financial support. In addition to the educational component, the Sure Start programme is largely geared around encouraging more parents to work. The government places the promotion of employment and education at the centre of its child poverty policy, as revealed in its description of Sure Start as ‘a cornerstone of the Governments drive to tackle child poverty and social exclusion (Department of Edu cation 2008) This is supported by a number of groups, including the Institute for Public Policy Research, which argued that ‘social inclusion is best promoted though enhanced employment opportunity and that ‘‘poverty and deprivation in childrens families and in their neighbourhoods is associated with their performance at school (Oppenheim, 1998: 113, 139). There is also support for this policy direction from the European Commission (2014), which argued that the most important priorities for reducing child poverty are to ‘improve access to affordable early childhood education and care services’ and to ‘support parents access to the labour market and make sure that work pays for them’ (European Commission 2014). It might reasonably be claimed, therefore, that while the policy formulation as regards child poverty is indirect, its efficacy in ameliorating child poverty is supported in the literature. This gives credibility to the Sure Start programme, which represents not just successful policy formulation but also the successful implementation of policy initiatives (Lupton 2013). The noticeable educational improvements among children and young people reflect the efficacy of these policies, and it has been argued that they show the success of child poverty reduction measures. For example, results in national tests at 11 and 16 indicated great improvements and few people were leaving school with no qualifications by 2010 (Lupton 2013). Socio-economic gaps were reduced across all indicators – incrementally at age 11 and then more distinctly at age 16. Larger number remained at school after the age of 16 and more went to higher education. Socio-economic gaps in HE access also closed slightly despite concerns to the contrary (Lupton 2013). On the other hand, it has also been argued (e.g., by the European Commission) that the UK has so far not done enough on these fronts in order to combat child poverty. This suggests that while policy formulation might therefore be on the right track, the implementation has not yet gone far enough (European Commission 2014). On the whole, policy formulation has generally been lauded. Education Maintenance Allowances, for example, have complemented the Sure Start programme discussed above. More important have been the tax and benefit reforms, which Hills and Steward (2005) argue have ‘reduced child poverty quickly enough to give the Government a good chance of hitting its 2004-05 targets.’ This is a dated analysis, but it indicates that in the decade after 1997 policy was relatively successful. The importance of changes in incomes for parents and their children, moreover, is borne out by the Families and Children Survey, as well as other interviews conducted in low-income areas (Hills and Stewart 2005). Nevertheless, while there has been a fall in relative child poverty between 1996-7 and 2002-3, and falls in deprivation and child-related spending by parents, the UK is still some way behind the EU average (Hills and Stewart 2005; also see European Commission 2014) There has been considerable research into the effect of Labour’s efforts to alleviate child poverty, primarily because they have been in office for much of the period and have been the main drivers behind such initiatives. The Labour government’s record has been positive on many fronts. Health is closely related to poverty, and in these terms the life expectancy of children rose, with infant mortality declining and illness declining, between 1997 and 2010 (Vizard and Obolenskaya 2013). This is supported by Stewart (2013), who has noted that for young children in particular outcomes as a result of Labour’s policies improved markedly, with higher employment rates for lone parents and fewer mothers drinking and smoking during pregnancies (the tangible impact of this is reflected in a fall in low birth weights among infants); moreover, the improvements here were concentrated among the lower socio-economic groups, which suggests relative poverty declined (Stewart 2013 ). For older children and young people, results in national tests at 11and 16 showed substantial improvements and hardly anyone was leaving school with no qualifications by 2010. Socio-economic gaps closed on all indicators –gradually at age 11 and more dramatically at age 16. Greater proportions stayed on at school after 16 and went to higher education, and socio-economic gaps in HE access closed slightly despite concerns to the contrary (Lupton and Obolenskaya 2013). Some particular shortcomings of policy have been highlighted by the research, however. For example, research into child poverty arising from neglect and abuse has revealed policy failure at all levels of the policy cycle. The neglect, abuse and eventual death of Victoria Climbe in 2000 is a good example of a policy failure in the period under consideration (Forest and Parton 2009; Laming 2003). Older children have often been classified as ‘hard to help’ and failed by agencies, while long-term neglect cases have on occasion not been properly contextualised in terms of past events in children’s lives. Additionally, there has tended to be an overreliance on universal or adult social service for physically injured children rather than the more appropriate children social care. As Brandon (2008) notes, these are reflective of policy failures in this particular area at the levels of formation, implementation, and post-policy evaluation. At the final level of the policy cycle, evaluation, there has been some criticism of policy. In particular, March and Fisher (2005: 4) highlight ‘strong arguments for the development of the evidence base, and for shifting social services towards an evidence-based approach, instead of its historic reliance on an ‘authority-based’ approach. These arguments run similarly to those suggesting that healthcare needs more of an evidence-based approach (for example, the 1997 report for the DH on RD in primary care) (Forest and Parton 2009). In this respect, it could be argued that policy has been less effective than it might have been because the research driving it has been conducted in the wrong way. It might even be said that improvements in this area required looking to the past: As Marsh and Fisher (2005: 5) put it: ‘Despite this lack of strategy, social work research has occasionally made a significant impact’. They point to the example of the childcare r esearch programme that was shaped by the DH during the 1980s. This led to a cogent set of policies on many critical issues and helped to make policy more focused on relevance and practical matters.. Nevertheless, this ‘did not address the question of the infrastructure for research relevant to social care’ (Marsh and Fisher 2005: 5). In a sense, these failures of policy at the final stage bring the argument full circle back to the level of agenda setting and policy formation. Marsh and Fisher (2005) and Morrin et al. (2011) see the issue as a lack of a strategic framework, which impedes agenda setting from the outset and prevents re-evaluative improvement at the end. The fact that no publicly funded research body is in place makes this more difficult, ‘and the plethora of relevant bodies has not so far offered a unified voice that could command widespread support. Unclear academic roots complicate the process’ (Marsh and Fisher 2005: 15). It might be argued that this comes down to the problem that social care does not exist as an independent academic discipline (Morrin et al. 2011; Forest and Parton 2009). In conclusion, it can be said that the impact of government policy on child poverty has been mixed. On the one hand, many important and varied issues, ranging from education to financial hardship and psychological trauma, have been brought under the government remit. This represents a success in terms of agenda setting. A large number of influential programmes have taken form across the spectrum, and these have been implemented with reasonable success in many cases, as indicated by the fact that child poverty has declined since 1997 by nearly 10 percent (Forest and Parton 2009). To a certain degree, it is too early to tell whether evaluation has been successful. There have, of course, been various shortcomings such as the inability of policy to adequately protect abused children. Detractors have also claimed that policy, despite being relatively successful, has not been based on evidence. In the end, the record of government policy is generally good, although there is clearly scope f or improvement going forwards. References: Bradshaw, J. and Bennett, F. (2014) Investing in Children: Breaking the cycle of disadvantage: A Study of National Policies: The United Kingdom, European Commission york.ac.uk/inst/spru/research/pdf/Naps2013Investing.pdf [Retrieved 22/06/2014] Brandon, M. (2008) Analysing child deaths and serious injury through abuse and neglect, Centre for Research on Children and Families uea.ac.uk/centre-research-child-family/child-protection-and-family-support/analysing-child-deaths [Retrieved 22/06/2014] Cleaver, H. and Walker, S. (2004) Assessing Childrens Needs and Circumstances: The Impact of the Assessment Framework, London: Jessica Kingsley Department for Education (2008) Sure Start Childrens Centres good for your child and good for you http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130401151715/education.gov.uk/publications/standard/Surestart/Page1/DCSF-00787-2008 [Retrieved 22/06/2014] Department of Health (1997) RD in primary care, London: The Stationery Office European Commission (2014) Investing in children http://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=1060langId=en [Retrieved 22/06/2014] Eisenstadt, N.  (2011),  Providing a Sure Start: How Government Discovered Early Childhood. Bristol: Policy Press Forest, N. and Parton, N. (2009) Understanding childrens social care: politics, policy and practice London: SAGE Hills, J. and Stewart, K. (2005) POLICIES TOWARDS POVERTY, INEQUALITY AND EXCLUSION SINCE 1997, Joseph Rowntree Foundation jrf.org.uk/publications/policies-towards-poverty-inequality-and-exclusion-1997 [Retrieved 22/06/2014] HM Government (2006) Working Together to Safeguard Children: A guide to inter-agency working to safeguard and promote the welfare of children, Nottingham: Department for Education and Skills justice.gov.uk/downloads/youth-justice/improving-practice/WT2006-Working-together.pdf [Retrieved 22/06/2014] HM Government (2004) Every Child Matters: Change for Children Programme. Nottingham: Department for Education and Skills www.everychildmatters.gov.uk [Retrieved 22/03/2014] Laming, H. (2003) The Victoria Climbie Inquiry https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/273183/5730.pdf [Retrieved 22/06/2014] Lupton, R., Burchardt, T, Hills, J. Stewart, K. and Vizard, P. (2013) A Framework for Analysing the Effects of Social Policy, Centre for Analysis of Social Exclusion http://sticerd.lse.ac.uk/dps/case/spcc/rn001.pdf [Retrieved 22/06/2014] Lupton, R. (2013) Labour’s Social Policy Record: Policy, Spending and Outcomes 1997-2010, Centre for Analysis and Social Exclusion http://sticerd.lse.ac.uk/dps/case/spcc/RR01.pdf [Retrieved 22/06/2014] Marsh, P. and Fisher, M. (2005) Developing the evidence base for social work and social care practice, Social Care Institute for Excellence scie.org.uk/publications/reports/report10.pdf [Retrieved 22/06/2014] Morrin, M., Johnson, S., Heron, L. and Roberts, E. (2011) CONCEPTUAL IMPACT OF ESRC RESEARCH: CASE STUDY OF UK CHILD POVERTY POLICY, Final Report to Economic and Social Research Council esrc.ac.uk/_images/Conceptual_impact_study_report_tcm8-18146.pdf [Retrieved 22/06/2014] Stewart, K. (2013) Labour’s Record on the Under-Fives: Policy Spending and Outcomes 1997-2010. Social Policy in a Cold Climate Working Paper. London: CASE Vizard, P. and Obolenskaya, P. (2013) Labour’s Record on Health: Policy Spending and Outcomes 1997-2010. Social Policy in a Cold Climate Working Paper WP02. London: CASE

Kuwait unversity is loosing its ranking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

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BUSINESS ORGANISATIONS - Essay Example It may be one essential element of an organization that keeps it together and going. It is a process of getting a task done through people. There have been numerous amounts of theories and assumptions that have varied. Although words about leadership have been written by Egyptian and Greek philosophers about five thousand years ago, but the studies about different approaches to leadership did not commence until after World War 1. Since then, there has been a multitude of perspectives and theories produced. The "Personality approach" emphasizes at the individual attributes of leaders, such as self confidence, risk taking, creativity, and persuasiveness. The "Behavior approach" looks at the actual activity performed by any leader that involves assessing regular tasks and behavioral characteristics of leaders. Lastly, the "Situational approach" focuses on leadership in terms of its relationships with factors such as subordinates, and peers. This approach is also referred to as â€Å"Contingency theory† because the situation determines the role of the leader. First time a scientific research was carried out was in the early part of the twentieth century. These scientists’ works with an assumption that leaders were people who had various attributes and personality traits that include physical characteristics, personality, social background, and ability that distinguished them from the rest. Therefore, this consistent philosophical view came to be known as the "Great Man Theory of Leadership." The theory states that some people are ‘born to be leaders’ and not made. Such people possess a special quality that differentiates them as unique from common individual(s). One may say that the great leaders of the world like Julius Caesar or Napoleon would’ve achieved the same leadership role at anyplace or anytime in history. In the Nineteen twenty’s, some of the leadership researchers started taking this hypothetical theory

Government in Preventing Environmental Crime Essay

Government in Preventing Environmental Crime - Essay Example South & Brisman (2013) state that some of the environmental protocols set by the international bodies include the banning of wildlife trade in endangered species under the CITES stipulations. It has been an instrumental international law that did shape the UK Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 amendments. Secondly, the illegal logging Act that protects forests from unthoughtful exploitation. Besides, the international protocols on the environment include banning of dumping hazardous wastes in water as provided in the Basel Convention on the Control of Tran boundary Act 1989. Committing any of the above crimes is liable to prosecution in accordance to international law; this should be seen being enforced by the individual government. Overview of UK Environmental Act Today, United Kingdom is among the countries that have signed several environmental and wildlife conventions are a renewed commitment to protect the environment from crime. Some of the provisions in the Countryside and Wildlife Act 1981 include banning of poaching, illegalizing unplanned logging and prevention of endangered species as provided in the CITES 1975 international protocol (Reins 2012). Since the Committee inquiry of 2004, the government commitment to protect the wildlife increased substantially, this was seen when the house of common began to deliberate on numerous amendments of the Countryside and Wildlife Act 1981, resulting in the more recent Wildlife Act 2012 Amendment. However, wildlife has been amended many times to respond to new crime threats that has become complex to non-specialist police. The year 2006 saw the enactment of law that prohibits the poisoning of birds because there were increased threats posed by poaching through poisoning. Moreover, the formation of the National Wildlife Crime Unit (NWCU) is a living testimony of the framework created by the government to enforce and repeal numerous Acts of the wildlife (Stewart 2012). However, some critics argue that wildlife crime enforcement has been greatly undermined by lack of definite sentencing guidelines for wildlife judges.

Organizational Structure Of P And G

Organizational Structure Of P And G Organizational structure refers to a framework around which group is organized with clearly defined set of duties and responsibilities. With an organizational structure, everyone knows what to do, and who is responsible for which specific task. Organizational structure helps to work in a better way. (Muscarella Vetsuypens, 2012)More formally, organizational structure is hierarchy of people and positions within organization. It is also represented as character or organization, its values and beliefs. there are many types of organizational structures and an organization follow one of these structures at one time, (Muscarella Vetsuypens, 2012) but is any exceptional case there may exists a structure different from that is adopted by that organization as whole. In this paper we will analyze different organizational structure in general and structure of Procter Gamble in particular in order has better understanding. Proctor Gamble is an American multinational. The headquarters of company are in down town Cincinnati, Ohio. The company offers a great range to consumer goods around the globe. Due to its expanded operations, PG is greatest producer of America in household products. It has almost 250 brands in categories including, beauty care, paper goods, laundry cleaning, food and beverages, health care and feminine care etc. Head Shoulder, Ariel and Pantene are most famous brands around the globe. Almost half of total revenues of P7G come from its top and well known brands. PG strive to achieve its mission to provide every day better life to its worthy customers around the globe through supply of high quality products and services. PG has 127,000 employees in almost 80 countries worldwide. PGà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s products are sold primarily through grocery stores drug stores, membership club stores and mass merchandise. PG is a publically owned company, listed on Paris and New York exchanges. Organizational Structure of PG: http://htmlimg2.scribdassets.com/6f9lu51w74xss1f/images/4-11c44118ed.jpg Organizational structure of Procter Gamble comprises of two Global Business Units, beauty and glooming and household care. These two Global Business Units are responsible for developing strategies for brands of PG. the main focus of these GBUs is common customer. Needs of common customers are identified through these global business units to develop, and upgrade products and services, and include innovative features in brands of PG. Initially PG had seven business units, there was a president to leads each Global business unit(Muscarella Vetsuypens, 2012) and each Business unit was completely responsible for profitability of related products and performance was measured and benchmarked against competitors of focused product category. The current structure of PG is four dimensions, front back hybrid matrix structure. There is a top leader, a coordination council, which is responsible for defining priorities and solve disputes, subordinates and matrix leaders, with need to balance and coordinate four influences structure. Global operations of Procter Gamble comprised of its MDO (Market Development organization). It is responsible of develop market entry programs for PG at local level. (Dodgson et al. 2006)Market development programs include country specific programs, trade channels and retail customers. Procter Gamble has organized MDOs along five organizational units that are situated in Latin America, North America, Western Europe, Eastern and central Europe and Asia. Procter Gamble defines North America, Western Europe and Japan as developed markets and Latin America, CEEMA, Greater china and AAIK as developing markets. Global business services part of Procter Gambleà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s structure assists the working of global business units in an effective manner. it provides processes, technology, standard data tools, make MDO and GBUs enable to understand business in better way and to better serve customers. Global business services organization of Procter Gamble has responsibility of providing world class solutions at lower cost, and minimum investment. The last component of organizational structure of PG is corporate function. This function is responsible for providing portfolio analysis, (Dodgson et al. 2006) company level strategy, human resources, external relations, treasurer, and corporate accounts, legal and centralized functional report. Analysis of organizations structure of PG reveals that it offers global scale benefits to PG, it makes it possible the local focus to be relevant to its customers in different countries, probably 180 countries around the globe. Organizational structure is present at PG as its better capability to grow; corporate structure of PG is based on a framework that enables it to strike the benefits of an international organization with efficiency and speed. PGà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s global operations always keep it in touch with its local communities. Moreover, efficient governance practices (Child,1972)help to ensure that PG conducts its operations with high standards and consistent quality improvements. PG has been utilizing this structure for more than on decade, the structure has been very helpful as it has doubled the capacity to innovate and more than $900 million for company have developed a unique partnership model allowing us to combine our best with the industryà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã ¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s best. Other types of organizational structures: Functional structure: An organization with functional structure, divides its business operations and activities into different functions. There are different departments that are specifically deal with these specific functions such as marketing, production, sales and promotion, finance, Research and development etc. In functional structure, there are well defined responsibilities and guideline to follow that helps these departments to carry their functions efficiently and effectively. Career path of organization is also Cleary defined. (Muscarella Vetsuypens, 2012)As in functional structure, tasks are segregated on the basis of specialization; there is great opportunity for individuals to excel in their respective field. For instance, if any person has specialization in Marketing, he will be part of marketing department, where he will get chance to excel in hid marketing skills while bringing improved marketing efforts for the company and contributing in its profits. In such type of organizational structure, there is chance of conflict between departments. for instance, if sales ratio is not going good, marketing and sales department may blame production department for inefficient design of product that customer do not want to purchase despite of efforts of marketing department. Divisional structure: Divisional structure also called product structure. An organization that adopts divisional structure, divides it basic functions such as marketing, finance, sales, RD, production and design into distinct, self contained units that are efficient enough to perform all basic functions(Child,1972) related to given task. Organizations with divisional structure are autonomous in nature and self contained. These organizations are more responsive as compare to other organizational structures (Muscarella Vetsuypens, 2012)as they can quickly respond to changing business environment. General Motors Company has also adopted the divisional structure. GM has separate divisions of its different products such as locomotives, SUVs and Sedans etc. each division is can perfectly perform all basic and advanced activities relating to its function. Conclusion: Different organizations adopt different organizational structures. Every organization selects structure that suits its scale and type of business. Procter Gamble has adopted hybrid matrix structure that suits its global nature best. It has applied this structure so successfully that it is able to have it as its competitive advantage. As PG is an international fortune with its business operations worldwide, unique organizational structure offers it benefits on global scale. The structure also provides local focus to be relevant for its customers in more than 180 countries around the globe. The structure of PG is also easy to understand and carry no ambiguities; it defines role and responsibilities clearly and in precise manner and encourages innovation and creativity.

Because I Could Not Stop for Death :: Literary Analysis, Dickinson

Because I Could Not Stop for Death is proclaimed to be Emily Dickinson’s most famous poem. This poem reveals Emily Dickinson’s calm acceptance of death. She portrays death being a gentleman that surprises her with a visit. Emily illustrates everyday scenes into a life cycle. While her metaphors explore death in an imitable way, her lines often contain as much uncertainty as meaning. Life and death are but trails to eternity and are seen less important when viewed in the framework of eternity. Emily Dickinson’s poem Death is a gentleman taking a woman out for a drive.† Because I could not stop for death, He kindly stopped for me† (Dickinson 1-2). Emily describes being a busy woman who is caught up with everyday situations. When it comes to death, no one plans on a time or date to die; what Emily is identifying as a tragic event is translated to being a casual experience. Emily writes, â€Å"The carriage held but just ourselves, and immortality,† (3-4). Emily describes her ride with death, but affiliates a third rider Immortality. â€Å"Davidson does not emphasize what is gained after death; she emphasizes what is lost because of death,† (Privatsky 35). Emily’s third passenger has a wide variety of interpretations. Normally, one doesn’t think about death, yet Emily’s approach to death is similar of the approac h to immortality. My viewpoint is Emily construes her belief in a soul that does not die but live on till eternity. â€Å"The idea of immortality is confronted with the fact of physical disintegration. We are not told what to think; we are told to look at the situation,† (Tate 26). According to Dickinson’s words, He slowly drove He knew no haste (5-6). Emily describes a relaxing slow pace towards an unknown destination. On the way she enjoys the peaceful scenes. â€Å"We passed the school, where children strove, At recess – In the Ring-â€Å"(Dickinson 9-10). Emily is reflecting in her past, this may also be seen as the beginning of a life cycle. Emily then goes on to say, We passed the Fields of Gazing Grain- (11). The phrase that she decides to use is judicious because she is not the observer, but instead she is the observed. At that point, she further goes on to describe â€Å"Setting Sun-â€Å" as the last scene in her ride.† All three of these ima ges suggest phases of the life cycle that the speaker has passed and is passing through and clue us in on her experience†¦Time has stopped for her, and the fields of grain do the gazing, not her,† (Semansky 34-35).

Modern America was shaped

Modern America was born in the 1920s Looking back at the 1920s we see the birth of modern America. Women started dressing differently, the invention of household cleaning tools were emerging, and athletes were becoming heroes of many. The Jazz Age also came about In the 1 920s and influenced different types of music we have today such as: Rock and Roll, Hip- Hop, and R&B. Although, many new inventions and social changes were coming about, nothing/no one shaped modern America more than Henry Ford and his impact on the automobiles, the media, and the start of a public education.Henry Ford, American Industrialist, greatly influenced production. wages, working conditions, and daily life. With his development of the assembly line, a technique used for mass production, Henry Ford made cars faster and cheaper than ever before. He allowed both wealthy and non-wealthy to afford cars. Today, thanks to automobiles, people are able to live farther from their jobs and the demand for car parts or necessities has fueled the economy by an increase of Jobs and businesses, In addition to this, automobiles have played a key role in the development of many cities, motels, and highway systems of today.Having not only an Impact on automobiles, Ford also provided better working conditions and wages for his workers. Doubling wages to $5 a day, reducing workdays from 9 hours to 8, and giving the weekends off, was how Henry Ford Influenced working conditions of today. Along with automobiles, the media also helped shaped modern America. The Inventions of the radio and sound films have greatly influenced America's lifestyle of today. The radio as well as sound films are probably one of the most used inventions of all time. When the radio first came about it was used by many as a leisurely thing.People would listen to music, religious sermons, news, and sports games. Today the radio is used by almost everyone; it is used in cars, stores, houses, and parties, it Is a form of entertainment. The radio has influenced many other electronic devices of today such as the iPod. Sound films are another popular invention that we still use today. With the help of sound films, movie theaters arose and shaped the American tradition of going out to the movies. Today there are about 18,000 movie theaters in the U. S that help fuel our economy and keep America entertain with new releases every week.In addition to leisurely Inventions, public education became more important in the 1920s. Before the 1920s a public education was not the maln concern of people as It Is today. In the 1920s public education became more important when people realized that, â€Å"Mastery of mathematics and language could spell the difference between a low-paying Job, unskilled Job and a higher paying position as an office worker. † (p. )This idea has greatly prospered over the years and led to many public schools and unlversltles of today. In the 1900s the percentage of students graduating rom high sc hool was 6. and tripled during the 1920s. Today children, teens, and adults continue to go to school to receive an education and a higher paying Job. During the 1920s the theory of evolution also became known during the scopes trial t Of2 ata scnool In lennessee. I nls Idea 0T evolutlon vs. rellglon Is stlll around today ana continues to be challenged. It is safe to say that the 1920s affected America greatly and continues to do so today. The invention of the automobile still affects modern America today and has greatly impacted the economy financially and socially.It has defined America's structure and changed the way we do things. The radio and sound films have changed the lifestyles of many and have become an American custom. Its businesses continue to grow today and are thriving. Education has also become very important to America and plays as key to architecture, health, and politics of today. Education has challenged many ideas and influences the way we think, positively.

The best form of business ownership

The best form of business ownership Free Online Research Papers Opening a company can be a problematical procedure, packed with decisions from everything from choosing a name for the company as well as to establish the most excellent structure of company rights such as; exclusive proprietorship, joint venture, a limited liability company (LLC) or a corporation which is best for the business objectives of the company and all individuals concerned. â€Å"There’s no right or wrong choice that fits everyone. Your job is to understand the advantages and disadvantages of each legal structure and pick the one that best meets your needs†. (Small Business Solutions). Presently, there are three familiar types of businesses from an official point of analysis; sole proprietorship, partnership and corporation. Each one is dissimilar in addition to having significant implications for assessment, legal responsibility and progression. To make a decision of the best form of business organization that is right for the following businesses, I will present a fundamental perceptive of the different forms of business obtainable. For each one of the subsequent businesses, I will determine and give explanation what is the most excellent category of ownership for that particular company. A Real Estate Broker: Will function as a Sole Proprietorship, however, that business can be establish as a (partnerships) in a sole proprietorship, an individual performs the functions for the flourishing process of the business. The owner secures the assets, establishes and operates the business, assumes all risks, accepts all revenue, losses and pays all levies. (Small Business Solution). Advantages: Proprietor expresses power of judgment making, little start up expenditure, all earnings to proprietor, maximum autonomy from law and tax advantages to proprietor. Disadvantages: Trouble in raising resources, limitless accountability and the need of connection in business organization in nonexistence of proprietor. (The New York Times). Income Tax Preparer: Can be established as a partnership, however, this business can start with ownership of (Sole proprietorship, partnership or a Corporation). Partnership: A legal contract between individuals who put together capital into company by means of a view to create a yield. To recognized the conditions of partnership protecting associates in the occurrence to disbanding of the partnership. (USA Self Employed). Advantages: Restricted guideline, feasible tax advantages, easiness of development, small set up expenses, extra sources of asset investment and broader organization support. Disadvantages: Easier said than done to find suitable partners, unrestricted legal responsibility, trouble in raising added money, separated power, short of stability, partners can lawfully combine together with no aforementioned agreement and likely development of argument among partners. (What is Partnership). A Skate Board Park, Vintage Clothing Store and a Toy Manufacturer would be structured as a corporation. Corporation: An authorized body which is detach and separate from its shareholders. Each shareholders has restricted legal responsibility. Creditor in the midst of a claim against the resources of the business would typically have no civil rights in opposition to its shareholders. (Harroch, R). Advantages: Easier to increase principal, restricted accountability, possession is manageable; detach authorized unit, expert supervision, uninterrupted survival and potential tax advantage. Disadvantages: contract limitations, for the most part costly structure to manage, strictly synchronized, wide range of documentation maintenance required, twofold taxes of dividends, individual guarantees challenge some degree of legal responsibility benefit and shareholders may perhaps be held legally accountable in assured circumstances. (Poznak Law Firm Ltd.) In closing, a single proprietorship be totally held accountable on behalf of the amounts outstanding as well as obligated connecting to the business, whereas, two or more persons can get jointly and structure a partnership. Each individual agrees to make available some portion of the job and assets, to contribute to a few fraction of the income, losses or stability, a corporation have got to have a least one owner. The most essential attribute to a firm is that it a non human thing and it exists completely divide and apart from its owners. After one has best meets your needs, your work is to appreciate the reward and unfavorable situation, arrangement; select what is most excellent one that best come across our wishes. Research Papers on The best form of business ownershipIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalOpen Architechture a white paperPETSTEL analysis of IndiaAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaThe Project Managment Office SystemResearch Process Part OneThree Concepts of PsychodynamicNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceDefinition of Export QuotasHip-Hop is Art

Ethical Relativism Essay Sample

Ethical Relativism Essay Sample Ethical Relativism Essay Relativism acknowledges that different points of view are valid in equal measures as individuals differ in their approach to truth. In ethics, relativism stipulates that moral beliefs tend to be relative. Thus, dependent on the individual or society. This theory indicates that there is no universal right or wrong, therefore, morality is subjective rather than objective as illustrated by the ethical objectivism. In light of this, this essay analyzes the two forms of ethical relativism- personal relativism and cultural relativism. Further, it looks at the arguments for and shortcomings of relativism. Morality is relative as different people uphold diverse beliefs on the same. For instance, eating pork is permissible in some societies while others like Islam detest such an act. In essence, morals change with time as per the evolving social norms of particular communities. The subjective relativism or personal ethical relativism attribute morality to individuals’ perception. In this case, a person has sovereignty over own thoughts, actions, and behavior. He/she dictates what is right or wrong. Cultural or conventional ethical relativism is another form of relativism that view morality being dependent on what society dictates to be wrong or right. According to this version, a person acts based on the values and norms of his community. In cultural relativism, a person’s will is subordinate the cultural majority‘s will. Nonetheless, a society’s definition of morality may still differ from another. In both subjective and conventional view, there is no standar d and objective form of morality. Arguments for ethical relativism Tolerance of differences: this is a pluralist position to morality which promotes diversity of opinions. Different cultures or people exhibit diverse moral beliefs that require tolerance as we might not subscribe to them. One’s view should not be superior to another’s point. Relativism bears a diversity of moral views. The differences in views create a complex and unique world with constant change and borrowing of ideas. The commonality in opinions would generate redundant societies. From diversity, innovation and creativity exist. Therefore, subjective moral beliefs occur and not objective moral truths. David Hume (1711-76) postulates that moral beliefs arise from emotions or sentiments and not reason. Situational differences also place different people and communities at divergent levels. Hence, implausible to have common moral principles for all persons. Moreover, ethical values arise from real-life interactions as per the circumstances. Shortcomings Critics of ethical relativism state that moral practices across societies may differ but the fundamental moral principles that underlie such practices should not. For instance, dress codes and local customs differ but aspects such as killing, political repression or torture remain governed by the universal moral standards thus wrong. To some extent, ethical relativism promotes social conformity. For instance, if a society believes that child marriage is morally permissible, a member of such a group must accept such practices as right. It hinders social change and improvement within a society. Diverting from such acts would be termed immoral. Disagreements may constitute objectivity on a view thus not merely the presence of subjectivity. Ethical relativism poses a self-contradictory approach as two mutually exclusive opinions would be both right. In addition, ethical relativism tends to promote outrageous practices like killings, rape or child abuse if they are perceived ‘right’ by standards of the concerned society. Hence, depriving the society the ability to initiate moral objections to counter such social vices. In conclusion, ethical relativism is promoting diversity of moral concepts. However, its relative approach poses several disadvantages calling for the need to uphold objectivity to some moral principles.

Consumer Compliance- FTC review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Consumer Compliance- FTC review - Essay Example For instance, a direct mail ad piece by a local Honda dealer in Maryland described below in some way violates the FTC Act. The direct mail advert by dealer announced something it referred to as â€Å"Extravaganza Savings Event†. According to this ad, a person could supposedly purchase a car â€Å"without any negotiations† and â€Å"as though one was a supplier† for the auto manufacturer. The mailer further stated that the advertised sale was â€Å"as a result of excess inventory†. Further, it is evident from the mailer that the ad â€Å"applied to both new and used cars† because the ad announced that a buyer would be â€Å"entitled to buy a new or used car at a price lower than the current retail selling price†. The offer was to be on for â€Å"only one day† and in bold, large, capitalized fonts, screamed that â€Å"the dealer intended to reduce from its inventory $1,000,000 of previously used cars†. Further, it also mentioned that FINANCE representatives would be available on the material day to ensure that a buyer gets â€Å"the best terms†. Finally, the mailer ad also indicated that after the date of sale, â€Å"all the cars that would not have been sold would then continue being sold at normal market prices† (Hudson, 2007). Hudson, T. B. (2007). Unfair And Deceptive Practices: Entertainment For Everyone But The Dealer. Auto Dealer Monthly, 5(9). Retrieved from

My reflective insights- me as a leader in Early childhood report Assignment

My reflective insights- me as a leader in Early childhood report - Assignment Example To work collaboratively with director and gain insight into the leadership role of a director. 2. To have a further in-depth insight into administrative and management roles/duties and responsibilities. 3. To improve my communication skills and show respect to all staff, children and families. A critical overview of my PE goals would reveal that they were structure to span around three major aspects of my roles and leadership experience. The first of these is an individual goal that aims for my personal development and growth as a leader. The second is an organizational goal that aims for the growth and development of the institution where I was working. The third goal is a social goal that aims for the betterment and wellbeing of the larger society through all staff, children and their families. Reading through my personal experience goals, it would be noted that they are related directly to me service learning. This is because through the practicum, there has been a number of enhan ced learning experiences that have relate to the objectives. The first of these is the service learning on how to work in collaboration with a superior. There is also service learning on the daily administration and management of an early childhood institution. The final one is learning experience of how to relate with parents and other staff members at the centre. With a careful overview of my work plan as presented in Appendix 1, it would be noted that as posited by Smales (2002), I am more of an outsider rather than an insider. This is because most of my work plan was focused on establishing common grounds goals with the other staff so that our collective interest would be achieved rather than my personal interest. The first two activities listed in the work plan for each day from Monday to Friday gives a clear indication of such need to collaborate with other people. As Rodd (2013, p. 63) emphasised, a state of belonging as I tried to achieve as an outsider helps in personal cap acity development, which was of course an important aspect of my professional and related goals. In a related manner, a number of ‘so whats’ can be identified as the meanings and relevance of my goals in terms of what I want to be as a future leader. First, my collaborative goals would mean that in future leadership, I shall be more comfortable as a democratic leader (Culkin, 1997). Next, my urge to have further in-depth insight into administrative and management roles means that into the future as a leader, I shall be aspiring for the highest possible positions that can get me to the very top (Healy et al, 2001). Finally, my goal to improve communication skills and respect for others means that I shall be a people-centred leader in the future. Insights on Leadership The creation of a leader’s profile has come to me with so much importance and relevance. This is because it has helped me in identifying some key professional insights as a leader and why these insig hts are worthwhile for me. In the first place, it was through the leader’s profile that I have discovered the type of leadership style that I shall be more comfortable as a future leader. As noted by McCrea and Ehrich (1999), leadership styles come in several forms and perceptions but applying the wrong leadership style in a given situation would be just as bad as not having